Non-ionising radiation, which includes radiation from mobile phones and 5G, is perceived as harmless in general, due to its lack of potency. However, some of the above-mentioned scientists point out that, in the particular case of 5G, the issue is not the potency, but the pulse,15 the frequency to which the whole population will be exposed due to the dense network of antennas and the estimated billions of simultaneous connections. As 5G employs a very high level of pulsations, the idea behind 5G is to use higher frequencies, which allows such high levels of pulsation, in order to carry very large amounts of information per second. Studies show that pulsed EMF are in most cases more biologically active and therefore more dangerous than non-pulsed EMF. Every single wireless communication device communicates at least partially via pulsations, and the smarter the device, the more pulsations. Consequently, even though 5G can be weak in terms of power, its constant abnormal pulse radiation can have an effect. Along with the mode and duration of exposures, characteristics of the 5G signal such as pulsing seem to increase the biologic and health impacts of exposure, including DNA damage, which is considered to be a cause of cancer. DNA damage is also linked to reproductive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. A 2018 review of more recently published peer-reviewed articles on the biological and health effects of radio frequency EMF, including 5G, also verifies the available evidence on the effects of millimetre waves. The review concludes that evidence of the biological properties of radiofrequency EMF are accumulating progressively and even though they are, in some cases, still preliminary or controversial, point to the existence of multi-level interactions between high-frequency EMF and biological systems, and to the possibility of oncological and non-oncological (mainly reproductive, metabolic, neurological, microbiological) effects. Moreover, it points out that the wide and increasing density of wireless devices and antennas raises particular concerns. Taking this into account, '... although the biological effects of 5G communication systems are very scarcely investigated, an international action plan for the development of 5G networks has started, with a forthcoming increase in devices and density of small cells, and with the future use of millimetre waves'. However, there are indications that millimetre waves can increase skin temperature, promote cellular proliferation, and inflammatory and metabolic processes.
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