Según el neurocientífico Olle Johanson, el estudio REFLEX tuvo problemas para poder ser publicado ya que las compañías de telecomunicaciones hicieron lo posible por evitarlo. Incluso invirtieron en realizar estudios para poder rebatirlo, pero no les sirvió de nada, porque incluso dichos estudios mostraban lo mismo que el estudio REFLEX.
The European REFLEX study (2004) was conducted on behalf of the EU by 12 institutions for a total budget of 3 million euros. The results show that even at a SAR value of 1,3W / kg (representative of many mobile phones) significant biological damage is done in human cells and especially to the DNA.
The key point is that structural research has finally been carried out into the non-thermal effects of 2G (GSM) radiation, 3G (UMTS) radiation and magnetic fields from electrical installations and devices. The effect of the electromagnetic radiation from these sources turns out to be very similar to the effect of X-rays. This is remarkable because many physicists still insist that radio frequency electromagnetic radiation cannot cause damage to the DNA because of its non-ionizing nature.
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The mechanism of action involved in DNA damage is likely the generation of free radicals (Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS) by electromagnetic radiation. Yakymenko’s review study “Oxidative mechanisms of low intensity radiofrequency radiation” lists 100 studies in which these ROSs are demonstrated in rats, embryos, etc. after exposure to electromagnetic radiation such as from mobile phones and wireless devices.
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A clear review article is ‘How susceptible are genes to mobile phone radiation?’ written by the leader of the REFLEX study Prof. Franz Adlkofer, together with Belyaev, Richter et al. (Kompetenz initiative, Brochure 3, 2008, Dld.).
Summary of REFLEX study
Author: Dr. Leendert Vriens
In vitro studies
The Reflex Report describes the results of a large-scale EU-funded research conducted by 12 European institutes. In vitro, the effects of exposure of cell cultures to ELF magnetic fields such as electrical installations and devices were studied, non-pulsed RF fields and pulsed RF fields, like from mobile phones and wireless devices. The cell cultures with human and animal cells were placed in petri dishes. As far as human cells are concerned, white blood cells (lymphocytes, monocytes and thymocytes), connective tissue cells (fibroblasts), skin cells (melanocytes), tumor cells (neuroblastoma) and leukemia cells (HL-60) were examined for their sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation.
RF fields from mobile telephones and wireless devices
It was found that pulsed RF fields (GSM 900 and GSM 1800) with SAR values from 0.3 W/kg cause genetic damage, single and double fractures in DNA and MN induction, in human fibroblast cells. In addition, an increase in the number of free oxygen and hydroxyl (OH) radicals was observed. Thermal effects are negligible under this load; The cell culture warming was only 0.01 degree Celsius. For HN-60 cells, no effect of RF load was found at a SAR value of 1.0 W/kg and at 1.3 and 1.6 W/kg a significant increase in the number of DNA fractures and MN induction. At loads between 2.0 and 3.0 W/kg there was an effect but smaller than at 1.3 and 1.6 W/kg. Thus there is a strong non-linear dependency on the load. Exposure of white blood cells to RF fields gave differing results. There was an effect for monocytes, no effect on thymocytes and contradictory results for lymphocytes.
Furthermore it was found that some effects, DNA fractures and MN induction, occurred both for un-pulsed and pulsed RF fields and that other effects, change of gene and protein expression, occurred only with pulsed RF fields. In some cells, an increase in expression of the stress proteins hsp27 and hsp70 was found, indicating a cellular stress response: hsp represents “heat shock protein”.
Conclusion
It has been found that non-thermal load of cell cultures by magnetic ELF fields from electrical installations and devices, or EM RF fields from mobile phones and wireless devices can lead to genetic damage. The damage depends on the type of cell. Some human cells, especially fibroblasts, are sensitive to these fields while other cells, including white blood cells, are less sensitive and do not respond at the low field strengths used in the Reflex study. If there is damage, always an increase in the number of free oxygen radicals, and sometimes also hydroxyl radicals, is observed. These radicals can cause oxidative stress and damage to DNA, proteins and cell membranes, and are likely to be responsible to a large extent for the effects observed. Indeed, in some of the authors’ experiments, when radical scavengers were added to the cell cultures, DNA damage was prevented, a result confirmed by other studies.
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